Washington institutions esteemed for their independent scholarship don't disclose donations from corporations and foreign governments. The Center for American Progress, Washington's leading liberal think tank, has been a big backer of the Energy Department's $25 billion loan guarantee program for renewable energy projects. CAP has specifically praised First Solar, a firm that received $3.73 billion under the program, and its Antelope Valley project in California.
Corporate America spends millions lobbying to win permanent most favored nation (MFN) trade status for China, with its vast market and dirt-cheap labor force.
Last year, when First Solar was taking a beating from congressional Republicans and in the press over job layoffs and alleged political cronyism, CAP's Richard Caperton praised Antelope Valley in his testimony to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, saying it headed up his list of "innovative projects" receiving loan guarantees. Earlier, Caperton and Steve Spinner—
a top Obama fundraiser who left his job at the Energy Department monitoring the issuance of loan guarantees and became a CAP senior fellow—had written an article cross-posted on CAP's website and its Think Progress blog, stating that Antelope Valley represented "the cutting edge of the clean energy economy."
Though the think tank didn't disclose it, First Solar belonged to CAP's Business Alliance, a secret group of corporate donors, according to internal lists obtained by The Nation. Meanwhile, José Villarreal—a consultant at the power-
house law and lobbying firm Akin Gump, who "provides strategic counseling on a range of legal and policy issues" for
corporations—was on First Solar's board until April 2012 while also sitting on the board of CAP, where he remains a member, according to the group's latest tax filing.
CAP is a strong proponent of alternative energy, so there's no reason to doubt the sincerity of its advocacy. But the fact that CAP has received financial support from First Solar while touting its virtues to Washington policy-makers points to a conflict of interest that, critics argue, ought to be disclosed to the public. CAP's promotion of the company's interests has supplemented First Solar's aggressive Washington lobbying efforts, on which it spent more than $800,000 during 2011 and 2012.
"The only thing more damaging than disclosing your donors and having questions raised about the independence of your work is not disclosing them and have the information come to light and undermine your work," says Sheila Krumholz, executive director of the Center for Responsive Politics. "The best practice, whether required by the IRS or not, is to disclose contributions."
Nowadays, many Washington think tanks effectively serve as unregistered lobbyists for corporate donors, and companies strategically contribute to them just as they hire a PR or lobby shop or make campaign donations. And unlike lobbyists and elected officials, think tanks are not subject to financial disclosure requirements, so they reveal their donors only if they choose to. That makes it impossible for the public and lawmakers to know if a think tank is putting out an impartial study or one that's been shaped by a donor's political agenda. "If you're a lobbyist, whatever you say is heavily discounted," says Kathleen Clark, a law professor at Washington University and an expert on political ethics. "If a think tank is saying it, it obviously sounds a lot better. Maybe think tanks aren't aware of how useful that makes them to private interests. On the other hand, maybe it's part of their revenue model."
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When Newt Gingrich was running for president, The Washington Post ran a story about the Center for Health Transformation, which it described as his "hybrid" single-issue think tank. The center, which subsequently went bankrupt and was bought by WellStar, published reports and advocated on behalf of donors—including lobbyists and industry groups that donated millions to support its work—in addition to offering perks like "direct Newt interaction." While the center did disclose some of its donors, it didn't reveal how much money they had contributed.
It was an interesting story, but it obscured a key point: Newt's "hybrid" was a particularly straightforward form of pay-to-play, but its basic features are common at Washington think tanks. Like Newt's Center for Health Transformation, many lure big donors with a package of benefits, including personalized policy briefings, the right to directly underwrite and shape research projects, and general support for the donor's political needs.
Most think tanks are nonprofit organizations, so a donor can even get a nice tax break for contributing. But it's their reputation for impartiality and their web of contacts that makes them especially useful as policy advocates. "Think tanks can always draw a big audience to your event, including government folks," a Washington lobbyist who has worked with several told me. "And people generally don't think they would twist anything, or wonder about where they get their money."
While think tanks portray themselves as altruistic scholarly institutions, they emphasize their political influence when courting donors. "If you have a particular area of policy interest, you can support a specific research effort under way," the Brookings Institution says in one pitch for cash. Those interested in
"a deeper engagement"—read: ready to fork over especially large sums of money—get personal briefings from resident experts and can work directly with senior Brookings officials to draw up a research agenda that will "maximize impact on policymaking."
The Center for Strategic and International Studies advertises itself as being "in the unique position to bring together leaders of both the public and private sectors in small, often off-the-record meetings to build consensus around important policy issues." It allows top-tier donors to directly sponsor reports, events and speaker series.
Because most think tanks don't fully disclose their donors, it's not always easy to see what sort of benefits money can buy. But during Chuck Hagel's confirmation hearings, the Atlantic Council, where he'd been chairman before moving to the Pentagon, released a list of its foreign donors. One of them turned out to be the oil-rich government of Kazakhstan, headed by dictator Nursultan Nazarbayev. Last year, the council hosted a conference on Kazakhstan that was paid for by the Nazarbayev regime and Chevron, which has vast oil interests in the country and is also a major donor to the
council. Keynote speakers included Kazakhstan's former ambassador to the United States and Kenneth Derr, a former Chevron CEO and now Kazakhstan's honorary consul in San Francisco.
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CAP has emerged as perhaps the most influential of all think tanks during the Obama era, and there's been a rapidly revolving door between it and the administration. CAP is also among the most secretive of all think tanks concerning its donors. Most major think tanks prepare an annual report containing at least some financial and donor information and make it available on their websites. According to CAP spokeswoman Andrea Purse, the center doesn't even publish one.
Purse told me that CAP "follows all financial disclosure requirements with regard to donors.... We don't use corporate funds to pay for research or reports." But she flatly refused to discuss specific donors or to provide an on-the-record explanation for why CAP won't disclose them.
After growing rapidly in its first few years, tax records show, CAP's total assets fell in 2006 for the first time, from $23.6 million to $20.4 million. Assets started growing again in 2007 when CAP founded the Business Alliance, a membership rewards program for corporate contributors, and then exploded when Obama was elected in 2008. According to its most recent nonprofit tax filing, CAP's total assets now top $44 million, and its Action Fund treasury holds $6 million more.
A confidential CAP donor pitch I obtained describes the Business Alliance as "a channel for engagement with the corporate community" that provides "the opportunity to...collaborate on common interests." It offers three membership levels, with the perks to top donors ($100,000 and up) including private meetings with CAP experts and executives, round-table discussions with "Hill and national leaders," and briefings on CAP reports "relevant to your unique interests."
CAP doesn't publicly disclose the members of its Business Alliance, but I obtained multiple internal lists from 2011 showing that dozens of major corporations had joined. The lists were prepared by Chris Belisle, who at the time served as the alliance's senior manager after having been recruited from his prior position as manager of corporate relations at the US Chamber of Commerce. According to these lists, CAP's donors included Comcast, Walmart, General Motors, Pacific Gas and Electric, General Electric, Boeing and Lockheed. Though it doesn't appear on the lists, the University of Phoenix was also a donor.
Incidentally, Scott Lilly, a Hill veteran who joined CAP in 2004 as a senior fellow covering national security, simultaneously served as a registered lobbyist for Lockheed between 2005 and 2011. Rudy deLeon, CAP's senior vice president for national security and international policy, was a Boeing executive and directed the company's lobbying operations between 2001 and 2006, before joining the think tank the following year.
Of the CAP donors mentioned in this story, I contacted Lockheed, which refused to confirm or deny its membership in the Business Alliance, and First Solar and Boeing, both of which confirmed that they had been members but wouldn't say how much they gave or when. "Our work with think tanks is not political, but is more educational in nature," Tim Neale of Boeing told me. "We want to learn from and share ideas with scholars across the political spectrum, and we like to get a wide range of viewpoints and ideas rather than focus solely on a particular political bent."
Several CAP insiders, who asked to speak off the record, told me that when Podesta left, there was a fear that contributions would dry up. Raising money had always been important, they said, but Tanden ratcheted up the efforts to openly court donors, which has impacted CAP's work. Staffers were very clearly instructed to check with the think tank's development team before writing anything that might upset contributors, I was told.
I obtained a March 2012 e-mail from Belisle to Podesta and CAP's communications and legal teams, which was also copied to Tanden. The e-mail noted a Think Progress item featuring a New York Times op-ed by former Goldman Sachs executive Greg Smith, who called the company's environment "toxic and destructive." At the time, the firm was under heavy fire for deceiving investors and for its larger role in driving the speculation in toxic securities that unwound the economy. Belisle said he was "flagging" the item for Tanden since she had recently met with Michael Paese, director of Goldman's Washington lobbying office. Two sources told me that Goldman Sachs subsequently became a donor. Purse and Paese declined comment.
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Foreign governments and business entities can also join the Business Alliance, whose membership list includes the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office—which functions as Taiwan's embassy in Washington and retains many lobbyists, including former Oklahoma Republican Senator Don Nickles and former Missouri Democratic Representative Richard Gephardt—and the Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON).
In 2010, CAP issued a report, "Ties That Bind: U.S.-Taiwan Relations and Peace and Prosperity in East Asia," which warned that the partnership between the two countries had stagnated and suggested that the United States maintain arms sales to Taiwan, increase economic and diplomatic cooperation, and otherwise "seek ways to deepen their relationship." That same year, CAP's Scott Lilly gave an address at the American Institute in Taiwan, in which he hailed the ties between the two nations as "one of the more important bilateral relationships in the world" before calling for additional arms sales to Taiwan. Lockheed, whom Lilly lobbied for at the time, is a leading arms merchant to Taiwan.
With help from TUSKON, CAP also makes an annual fact-finding trip to Turkey, the most recent being in February of this year. The CAP delegation met with US Ambassador Francis Ricciardone and senior Turkish government officials. A former CAP staffer told me that TUSKON had "amazing access" and "could call anyone in the government and get us a meeting or interview." As a result of the Turkish group's support, CAP was "totally in the tank for them," this source said.
CAP also presses for closer ties between the US and Turkish governments, just as Ankara's lobbyists do. Last year, CAP hosted an event featuring Commerce Secretary John Bryson, who spoke on his "vision for deepening even further the US-Turkish commercial relationship." Two years earlier, Podesta gave the keynote address at a TUSKON conference in Istanbul. In his speech—titled "The Unique Importance of the Turkish-American Relationship"—he praised CAP senior fellow Michael Werz for his work on "strengthening the US-Turkey relationship." He also pointedly noted that Werz's predecessor as CAP's Turkey expert, Spencer Boyer, had left the think tank to become the Obama administration's deputy assistant secretary for European affairs.
"Our policy work is independent and driven by solutions that we believe will create a more equitable and just country," Purse told me. It would be easier to believe that statement, let alone evaluate it, if CAP was more transparent about its funding. The same holds true for think tanks in general—which, unlike other powerful Washington institutions, have the luxury of telling the public and policy-makers only what they choose about their funders.
